Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neurological disease that affects the central nervous system, namely the brain and the spinal cord. The disease is caused by damage to myelin, the protective sheath surrounding nerve fibers, resulting in impaired transmission of nerve signals.

Although there is no definitive cure, modern therapeutic options can slow disease progression, reduce relapses, and significantly improve patients’ quality of life.

Most common symptoms

The course of the disease varies from person to person and may be characterized by periods of relapses and remissions or by gradual progression of symptoms.

Symptoms depend on the area of the nervous system affected and may include:

Numbness or tingling sensations

Muscle weakness

Difficulty walking and maintaining balance

Severe fatigue

Visual disturbances such as blurred or double vision

Dizziness or vertigo

Memory and concentration problems

Bladder or bowel dysfunction

Mood changes

In many cases, symptoms occur in relapses lasting from a few days to several weeks and then partially or completely subside.

Risk factors

Although the exact cause of the disease is unknown, several factors have been identified that are associated with an increased risk:

Age between 20 and 40 years

Female sex

Family history of multiple sclerosis

Epstein–Barr virus infection

Low vitamin D levels

Obesity

Smoking

Presence of other autoimmune diseases

Types of the disease

Multiple sclerosis is classified into different types:

Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)

The most common form, characterized by periods of relapses followed by periods of remission.

Secondary progressive MS

Occurs in some patients after years of relapsing-remitting disease and is associated with gradual worsening of mobility and neurological function.

Primary progressive MS

Characterized by continuous worsening from disease onset without clear relapses.

Diagnosis

There is no single test that confirms the diagnosis. Evaluation is based on:

Detailed medical history

Neurological examination

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Laboratory tests to rule out other conditions

Treatment options

Although there is no definitive cure, treatment of multiple sclerosis focuses on three main approaches:

Treatment of relapses

Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and speed recovery. In severe cases, plasma exchange may be applied.

Disease-modifying therapy

More than 20 approved medications are available that help reduce relapses and the formation of new lesions in the nervous system.

Symptomatic treatment

Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and targeted medications can significantly improve function and daily living.

Role of daily habits

According to Mayo Clinic, certain lifestyle habits may help manage symptoms:

Regular physical activity

Adequate sleep

Maintaining a healthy body weight

Mediterranean diet

Smoking cessation

Stress management through relaxation techniques, yoga, or meditation

Conclusion

Multiple sclerosis is a complex neurological disorder with a highly variable course in each patient. Early diagnosis, individualized treatment, and close monitoring by a specialized medical team can contribute to effective disease control and the maintenance of a good quality of life.